This paper reports on a phonetic and phonological study of taffrication in spontaneous british english received pronunciation. The study is motivated by the uncertainty surrounding plosive affrication in the literature on lenition and fortition. Finally, part 3 is concerned with the analysis of the patterns that have been described in parts 1 and 2. This study deals with lenition and fortition processes according to the theoretical framework of generative phonology to answer the cited questions. Fortition blocking of lenition in onset of stressed syllable 11 31. Pdf metrical influences on fortition and lenition patrik. Sep 26, 2019 lenition fortition patterns reveal at least three levels of prosodic constituent in campidanese, each of which is associated with medial lenition and initial fortition. This book aims to fill the gap for lenition and fortition, which is one of the first phenomena that was addressed by phonologists in the 19th century, and ever since contributed to phonological thinking. Shea and curtin report a significant difference in lenition in wordmedial position when comparing low intermediate learners, high intermediate learners, and native speakers.
Lenition and fortition are names of sound changes usually occurring over many hundreds of years and show up when comparing words from different dialects or different eras irish is one of the few language where there are many context changes that are lenition. The importance accorded to lenition varies among phonologists. Studies in social dialectology, page 76, the two process types following from these assumptions, lenition processes, aiming at articulatory ease at the expense of. It reduces duration, increases intensity, and probabilistically affects qualitative manner and voicing features in obstruents. Phrase or utteranceinitial blocking of lenition 11 16. We suggest that a decision as to the status of a given pattern involving affrication in terms of lenition or fortition should be based on thorough phonetic and phonological analysis. Please click button to get lenition and fortition book now. For example, a fricative or an approximant may become a stop i. On the interaction of rendaku with fortition and lenition proposal. The role of prosodic structure in the l2 acquisition of. It cannot be predicted whether a given position strong or weak will experience lenition or not, fortition or not, what kind of lenition or fortition, and how much of it. Background vowel lenition and its link with coarticulation have been the subject of extensive debate in the literature. Lsa 2008 poster session 31 positional and contextual.
In other words, there may well be lenition in strong environments, and fortition in weak contexts. Chapter x positional factors in lenition and fortition 1. The typology and modelling of obstruent lenition and. We illustrate with a simplified version of smiths 2008 positional markedness. Fortition and lenition effects associated with metrical structure may be broadly classified into three groups according to the property triggering these segmental alternations. While we lack the space to discuss this here, it seems to me exactly right to play them down, as cases of real fortition are vanishingly rare, and it is by no means obvious that they really are the literal opposite of lenition. Lenition of alveolar stops in liverpool english sangster. Save up to 80% by choosing the etextbook option for isbn. So there may not be many good examples residing entirely in modern english. Part one properties and behaviour of lenition and frotition lenition, weaking and consonantal strenght. Vowel lenition and its link with coarticulation have been the subject of extensive debate in the literature. Continuity lenition, auditory disruption, and the typology.
Sorry, we are unable to provide the full text but you may find it at the following locations. A comparison with s and, journal of the international phonetic. Fortition blocking of lenition in wordinitial position 10 15. The aims of the present paper are to demonstrate how vowel lenition and coarticulation are linked in cypriot greek henceforth cg, to determine the nature of vowel lenition, and to illustrate how vowel lenition and coarticulation result from aerodynamic phenomena. Although not as typical of sound change as lenition, fortition may occur in prominent positions, such as at the beginning of a. Lenition fortition patterns reveal at least three levels of prosodic constituent in campidanese, each of which is associated with medial lenition and initial fortition. Advanced l2 learners produce continuants in postvocalic position at all applicable prosodic levels, which we take to indicate acquisition of the target ranking. Dec 06, 2019 the canonical examples of lenition given earlier in 1 through 3 all occur either between vowels or between sonorants.
Lenition affects all consonants and vv transitions. Moreover, spirantization, approximantization, debuccalization and voicing are changes that are counted as lenition. Certain kinds of segmental change have been proposed to form part of an overarching type of change known as lenition, forming a continuum of changes that consonants can spontaneously undergo. It is generally believed that the only phonological effect of rendaku sequential voicing is the addition of voicing, as in 1ab. Lenitionfortition patterns reveal at least three levels of prosodic constituent in campidanese, each of which is associated with medial lenition and initial fortition. Jones and kirsty mcdougall, the acoustic character of fricated t in australian english.
The concept of lenition as the phonemic linguistic phenomena. I present a unified approach to consonant lenition, wherein particular lenition patterns arise from optimality theoretic conflict between a principle of effort minimization which i style lazy, and faithfulness to auditory features, in combination with perceptuallybased fortition constraints, building upon the proposals of jun 1995 and. Lenition, fortition and the status of plosive affriction. This site is like a library, you could find million book here by using search box in the widget. Chapter x positional factors in lenition and fortition.
While loss lenition behaves much like other phonological processes, analysing continuity lenition is difficult or impossible in standard phonological approaches. The aims of the present paper are to demonstrate how vowel lenition and coarticulation are linked in cypriot greek henceforth cg, to determine the nature of vowel lenition, and to illustrate how vowel lenition and coarticulation result from aerodynamic. Emanuela buizza and leendert plug, lenition, fortition and the status of plosive affrication. Italian, for example, presents numerous regular examples of wordinitial fortition both historically lat. Fortition is less frequent than lenition in the languages of the world, but wordinitial and wordfinal fortition is fairly frequent. Revised definition of fortition negative definition of fortition lenition default option for the speaker if lenition is suppressed, fortition is activated so, fortition is suppression of lenition like in unlearning the speaker switches from lenition to fortition between and within the speech styles. This article discusses some fundamentals about what lenition might actually be and considers several phenomena which can be described as lenitions from the history of english. Pdf lenition and fortition in shul dialect pegah aryaee. Appendix to section 2 lenition is sometimes compared to a putative opposite type of change, known as fortition.
Like the second set of speech varieties noted above which lose initial h some of the time, this group which also strengthens final h consists of ranau, sukau and krui. It is a given that no phenomenon can be examined in a completely theoryneutral way. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. On the synchronic phonological level fortition and lenition are no more than taxonomic labels that. Introduction this paper investigates some of the phonological processes traditionally classified as lenition and fortition from the perspective of optimality theory ot. This finding indicates an increase in degree of lenition as proficiency increases, at least in wordmedial position, although degree of lenition is not nativelike. Raymond hickey lenition in irish english page 4 of 9 2. For example, a fricative or an approximant may become a stop. History and structure, page 104, one of these processes, the process of tlenition, is extremely common, even. The term lenition has numerous definitions offered in the phonology of english language, some of which will be discussed in this study.
The typology and modelling of obstruent lenition and fortition processes. Weakness in irish english is defined by position relative to stressed nucleus as mentioned above and secondly by the sonority values of flanking segments. So, while mainstressed syllables may be enhanced by gemination, lengthening of the vowel, epenthesis, and so on, iambic lengthening invariably affects the vowel in the stressed syllable. Introduction this chapter sets out to identify the bearing that the linear position of a segment may have on its lenition or fortition. A wellknown puzzle for this position is that, when rendaku applies to hagyo consonants allophonic h, c and. There are two aspects of lenition that have been claimed to be phonologically interesting. We suggest that a decision as to the status of a given pattern involving affrication in terms of lenition or fortition should be based on. Fortition, also known as strengthening, is a consonantal change that increases the degree of stricture. Although not as typical of sound change as lenition, fortition may occur in prominent positions, such as at the beginning of a word or stressed syllable. It is certainly one of the core phenomena that is found in the phonology of natural language. Project muse the typology and modelling of obstruent. Fortition of final h h also undergoes fortition strengthening wordfinally, as in table 11. We call these two sets loss lenition and continuity lenition. Lenition has been a topic of debate in phonological theory and historical linguistics for a long time, and much of the debate centres on the criteria for classifying an observed pattern as an instance of lenition or otherwise see honeybone 2008 for a historical overview.
Places of articulation targeted by lenition processes 7 12. Revised definition of fortition negative definition of fortition lenition default option for the speaker if lenition is suppressed, fortition is activated so, fortition is suppression of lenition like in unlearning the speaker switches from lenition. Splitting intervocalic 29 some of the types of process andor change which are typically grouped under the heading of lenition are spirantisation a segment be coming a fricative, e. Chapter x markedness, faithfulness, positions, and. An important question is, of course, whether we can.
On the interaction of rendaku with fortition and lenition. The types of change that are typically recognized as lenitions include spirantization, approximantization, debuccalization, and voicing. The first type of segmental effect is well documented and involves stress or lack thereof directly as a trigger of fortition andor lenition. Following the mainstream literature on lenitionfortition, we may consider central and southern lenition on the one hand and northern voicing on the other as two facets of the same drift towards weakening. Continuity lenition, auditory disruption, and the typology of. There are books on tone, coronals, the internal structure of segments, vowel harmony, and a couple of other topics in phonology. Sep 29, 2019 typically, stressed syllables trigger qualitative fortition and or lengthening, whereas unstressed syllables are associated with lenition and or shortening. Lenition is defined as a sonorityincreasing change and fortition as a sonoritydecreasing change. Chapter x markedness, faithfulness, positions, and contexts. We also examined whether learners postvocalic continuants are lenited to the same degree as the control group, and whether degree of lenition changes across development. The paper develops a phonetically based optimalitytheoretic account that explains the typology of the two types of lenition. Metrical influences on fortition and lenition 3 possible response to iambic enhancement is vowel lengthening.
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